Internet of Things

Foreword xxi

Preface xxiii

About the Author xxvii

Chapter 1 Internet of Things—An Answer to the Next Generation

Automated World 1

What Is Internet of Things? 2

Brief Introduction to Various Technologies used in IoT 2

Understanding the Tiers 3

The Use of Sensors 3

The Use of Microcontrollers and Internet Connectivity 3

Using the Service Platforms 4

IoT Revolution 4

Benets of IoT 4

Benets to End Users 5

Benets to Businesses 5

IoT Implementation Challenges 6

Real World Applications of IoT 7

IoT and Robotic Work Automation 16

What is the Future of IoT? 17

Yesterday’s Science Fiction is Today’s Consumer Electronic 17

Here are 10 predictions for the future of IoT 18

Case Study 1: 3D Air Quality Modelling by using Sensor Drones 20

Recommended Readings 22

Summary 26

Chapter 2 IoT Frameworks 27

IoT Value Chain 28

IoT Frameworks and Platforms 28

Real-Time Innovations (RTI) 28

Cisco 29

Salesforce 30

Azure IoT 31

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Eclipse IoT 32

ThingWorx 34

GE Predix 35

AWS IoT 36

Watson IoT Platform 37

Kaa 38

IoT Ecosystem 40

Devices and Sensors 40

Gateway 41

Cloud 42

Analytics 42

User Interface 43

Elements for IoT Implementation 43

Security 43

Data Sensitivity 44

Scalability 44

AI 45

Interoperability 45

Key Takeaway 45

Case Study 1: E-Health System with Low Cost for Early

Detection of Childhood Diseases 47

Case Study 2: Environmental Monitoring at Athens Airport

by using IoT Platform 49

Case Study 3: Fish Farming by Controlling Water Tanks in Vietnam 50

Recommended Readings 51

Summary 54

Chapter 3 Design Patterns for IoT 55

Various Design Patterns 56

Design Patterns for Common IoT Deployments 56

Soware Abstraction for Virtualization of Things 57

Virtualization of Things through Middleware 57

Design Patterns for Edge Deployment, Provisioning, and Orchestration 58

Design Patterns for Node Connections 62

Design Patterns for Deployment Strategies 64

Design Patterns for Infrastructure 65

Design Patterns for Security 67

Challenges and Solutions for Designing Architecture for IoT 71

Case Study 1: IoT Lab that Monitors Parking, Water Quality, Ambient,

and Environmental Conditions 75

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Recommended Readings 76

Summary 79

Chapter 4 IoT Architecture Choices 81

Four-Layer Architecture 81

First Layer (Sensors and Actuators) 82

Second Layer (The Internet Gateway) 82

Third Layer (Edge IoT) 82

Fourth Layer (The Data Center and the Cloud) 83

Seven-Layer Architecture 83

Layer 1 (Physical Devices) 84

Layer 2 (Connectivity) 84

Layer 3 (Edge Computing) 84

Layer 4 (Data Accumulation) 84

Layer 5 (Data Abstraction) 84

Layer 6 (Application) 85

Layer 7 (Collaboration and Processes) 85

Fog Computing 85

Dilemma 85

Solution 86

Advantages 86

Open Stack Cloud Architecture 87

OpenStack Approach 89

Hadoop 89

Pattern 1 (Real-Time IoT Events Streaming) 89

Problems with IoT Streaming Ingestion 90

Managing Bad Data 90

Firmware Multiplicity 91

Enhancing Data in Stream 91

Processing Data at Scale 91

Pattern 2 (Batch-Oriented Data Transfer) 91

Hadoop Data Processing and Visualizing 92

Final Considerations 92

Cloud Service Models 92

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 92

Platform as a Service (PaaS) 93

Soware as a Service (SaaS) 94

Cloud Topologies 94

Public Cloud 94

Dedicated Private Cloud 95

Contents

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Managed Private Cloud 95

Hybrid Cloud 95

Role of the Cloud in IoT 95

Case Study 1: Monitoring Environmental and Aquatic Parameters to

Encourage Salmon in Oslo 98

Case Study 2: Monitoring Road Occupancy Patterns and Mobility in

Dordrecht Smart City 99

Recommended Readings 100

Summary 103

Chapter 5 IoT Core Modules 105

Protocols 107

Infrastructure Protocols 107

Identication Protocols 110

Communication/Transport Protocols 112

Discovery Protocols 114

Data Protocols 115

Device Management Protocols 118

Semantic Protocols 119

Security Protocols 119

Sensors 120

Endpoints 124

Data Communication 126

IoT Data Management 127

Analytics 129

Case Study 1: Monitoring Snow and Ice in UK Highways During Winters 132

Case Study 2: Predicting Volcanic Eruptions in Masaya with

Smart Wireless Sensors 133

Case Study 3: Protecting Beluga Whales in Alaska by using

Flexible Sensor Platform 134

Recommended Readings 136

Summary 139

Chapter 6 Essential Elements for Designing IoT Architecture 141

What Is UML? 141

Why Do We Use UML? 141

Sketch 142

Forward Design 142

Backward Design 142

Blueprint 142

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Pseudo Programming Language 142

Dierent Types of UML Diagrams 142

Behavioral UML Diagram 142

Structural UML Diagram 143

Activity Diagrams 143

Use Case Diagrams 145

Interaction Overview Diagram 147

Timing Diagram 148

Sequence UML Diagram 149

Communication UML Diagram 150

Class Diagram 151

Object Diagram 152

Composite Structure Diagrams 153

State Chart Diagrams 154

Component Diagrams 156

Deployment Diagram 159

Package Diagram 159

Prole Diagram 161

Case Study 1: Protecting Endangered Freshwater Mussels in the

Ohio River 164

Case Study 2: Smart Agriculture in Australia to Ensure Healthy Crops

and Reduce Losses 165

Recommended Readings 167

Summary 170

Chapter 7 IoT Implementation Strategies 171

Challenges and Solutions 171

The Cost 172

Security 172

Infrastructure for Technology 174

Infrastructure for Communication 174

IoT Standards 174

Procurement 175

What to Know Before an IoT Implementation? 175

Cultural Shi 175

Time for Projects 176

Necessary Skills 176

Security 176

Interconnectivity 176

Scalability 177

Technical Depth and Challenges 179

Contents

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