
155Synchronization
pattern for each application. But none of them are difcult to understand if
the above principles are understood. (It is recommended that further con-
tents of this chapter should be read after reading the chapters on PDH and
SDH for better appreciation.)
7.2 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Systems
We have learned that the digital communication cannot work without syn-
chronization. However, some systems are called asynchronous systems,
and others are called synchronous systems, depending upon the process of
achieving the synchronization.
7.2.1 Asynchronous Systems
In case the transmission of digital signal is in frames of ...