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Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing, 2nd Edition

Name: Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing, 2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780323296434

by Waqar Ahmed, Mark J Jackson

September 2014

Intermediate to advanced

576 pages

19h 57m

English

William Andrew

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Front Cover
Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing
Copyright Page
Contents (1/2)
Contents (2/2)
Preface
List of Contributors
1 Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Approaches to Nanotechnology
1.3 Transition from Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing

1.3.1 Top-down approach
1.3.2 Bottom-up approach
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Gas phase nanofication: a strategy to impart fast response in sensors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Proposed Rationale
2.3 Methods of Establishing the Desired Redox po2
2.4 Sample Preparation
2.4.1 Materials and processing
2.4.2 Characterization
2.4.3 High temperature reductive etching process
2.4.4 Gas sensing experiments
2.5 Results and Discussion2.5.1 Mo- and MoO3-based studies
2.5.2 W- and WO3-based studies (1/3)
2.5.2 W- and WO3-based studies (2/3)
2.5.2 W- and WO3-based studies (3/3)
2.5.3 TiO2-based studies (1/2)
2.5.3 TiO2-based studies (2/2)
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Advanced characterization techniques for nanostructures
3.1 Measurement of the Topology of Nanostructures
3.1.1 Field emission scanning electron microscope
3.1.2 Scanning probe microscopy (1/2)
3.1.2 Scanning probe microscopy (2/2)
3.1.3 Optical microscopes
3.2 MEasurement of Internal Geometries of Nanostructures
3.2.1 Transmission electron microscope
3.2.2 Focused ion beam
3.2.3 X-ray diffraction
3.2.4 Mercury porosimetry
3.3 Measurement of Composition of Nanostructures
3.3.1 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
3.3.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
3.3.3 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy
3.3.4 Auger electron spectroscopy
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Non-lithographic techniques for nanostructuring of thin films and bulk surfaces
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Template-assisted nanostructuring (1/3)
4.2 Template-assisted nanostructuring (2/3)
4.2 Template-assisted nanostructuring (3/3)
4.3 Electric field induced nanostructuring (1/2)
4.3 Electric field induced nanostructuring (2/2)
4.4 Laser-induced nanostructuring (1/2)
4.4 Laser-induced nanostructuring (2/2)
4.5 Vapour–Liquid–Solid technique
4.6 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
5 Engineered carbon nanotube field emission devices
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Synthesis (1/3)
5.1.1 Synthesis (2/3)
5.1.1 Synthesis (3/3)
5.1.2 Positional Control
5.1.3 Alignment Control
5.2 Field Emission (1/3)
5.2 Field Emission (2/3)
5.2 Field Emission (3/3)
5.2.1 Electron Microscopy
5.2.2 Parallel Electron Beam Lithography
5.2.3 X-ray Sources
5.2.4 Microwave Sources
5.2.5 Displays
5.2.6 Gas Ionization Sensors and Gauges
5.2.7 Interstellar Propulsion
5.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Upconverting fluorescent nanoparticles for biological applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Mechanism of Fluorescent UC
6.3 Upconverting Nanoparticles
6.4 Conjugation of Biomolecules to UCN
6.5 UCN for Biological Applications
6.5.1 UCN in immunoassays
6.5.2 UCN in bioimaging
6.5.3 UCN for photodynamic therapy
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Micro- and nanomachining
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Machining Effects at the Microscale
7.2.1 Shear Angle Prediction
7.2.2 Plastic Behavior at Large Strains
7.2.3 Langford and Cohen’s Model
7.2.4 Walker and Shaw’s Model
7.2.5 Usui’s Model
7.2.6 Sawtooth Chip Formation in Hard Turning
7.2.7 Fluid-Like Flow in Chip Formation
7.3 Size Effects in Micromachining
7.4 Nanomachining
7.4.1 Nanometric Machining
7.4.2 Theoretical Basis of Nanomachining (1/3)
7.4.2 Theoretical Basis of Nanomachining (2/3)
7.4.2 Theoretical Basis of Nanomachining (3/3)
7.4.3 Comparison of Nanometric Machining and Conventional Machining
AcknowledgmentsReferences
8 Design of experiments: a key to innovation in nanotechnology
8.1 Introduction to DoE
8.2 OFAT: The Predominant Method Used in Practice
8.3 Traditional Methods Used in Research and Development
8.3.1 Completely randomized design
8.3.2 Two-level factorial design
8.3.3 RSM
8.3.4 Taguchi’s method
8.3.5 Opportunities for improvement in experimentation
8.4 Modern DoE Methods Appropriate for Nanotechnology and Nanomanufacturing
8.4.1 Split plot design and its variants
8.4.2 MSSP design
8.4.3 Repeated measures
8.4.4 Saturated and supersaturated design
8.4.5 Mixture design
8.4.6 Computer deterministic experiments
8.4.7 Computer-generated design: Alphabetical optimal design
8.5 Summary of Nanotechnology Articles that Use Statistical Experimentation
8.6 Final Remarks
References
9 Environmental and occupational health issues with nanoparticles
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Potential Health Effects
9.3 Current State of the Literature (1/2)
9.3 Current State of the Literature (2/2)
9.4 Characterization of Airborne Nanoparticles
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Commercialization of nanotechnologies: technology transfer from university research laboratories
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Venture Capitalists
10.1.2 Start-Up Companies in Nanotechnology
10.2 Role of Government in Commercialization
10.3 Role of Academic Research in Commercializing Nanotechnology Products
10.4 Technology Transfer for Nanotechnology Products
10.5 IP—Impact and Ownership
10.5.1 Patents10.5.2 Trade Secrets10.5.3 Copyright
10.6 Role of the Entrepreneur, Major Corporations, and National Laboratories in Commercialization
10.7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
ReferencesInternet Resources
11 Fabrication of hydrogel micropatterns by soft photolithography
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microfabrication
11.2.1 Microfabrication techniques
11.3 Lithography
11.4 Hydrogel as a biomaterial
11.5 Soft photolithography of hydrogel micropatterns
11.5.1 Fabrication of PDMS stamp
11.5.2 Surface functionalization of silicon substrates by silanization
11.5.3 Soft photolithography
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Nanocrystalline diamond for RF-MEMS applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Diamond crystal structure and properties
12.3 Chemical vapour deposition of diamond films
12.4 Growth mechanism of NCD films
12.5 Techniques for the characterization of NCD films
12.6 Mechanical resonators
12.7 Electrostatic and thermal switches
12.8 DESIGN of the thermally actuated NCD actuator
12.9 Fabrication and integration
12.10 Measurement and analysis
Acknowledgements
References
13 Analysis of the effects of micromachining using nanostructured cutting tools
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Computational Analyses
13.2.1 Computational Analysis of Temperature in Micromachining
13.2.2 Finite Element Analysis
13.3 Computational Results
13.3.1 Uncoated Microtools
13.3.2 Coated Cutting Tools (1/2)
13.3.2 Coated Cutting Tools (2/2)
13.4 Discussion
13.5 Conclusions
AcknowledgmentsReferences
14 Metal oxide nanopowder
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Use of nanopowders since the year 2000
14.3 The chemistry of metal oxide nanopowder
14.3.1 Important behaviour of metal oxide nanopowder
14.3.2 Criteria for the synthesis of metal oxide
14.3.3 Requirements for the synthesis of nanoparticles
14.3.4 Controlling factors for the growth of nanopowder
14.4 Different methods used for the synthesis of metal oxide nanopowder
14.4.1 High temperature synthesis
14.4.2 Low temperature synthesis
14.4.3 Replication method14.4.4 Mechanical attrition14.4.5 Hydrothermal synthesis
14.4.6 Inverse micelle method
14.4.7 Sol–gel process
14.4.8 General mechanism for sol–gel process
14.4.9 Acid-catalysed mechanism
14.4.10 Pechini method
14.5 Characterization of metal oxide nanopowder
14.5.1 Infrared spectroscopy
14.5.2 Ultraviolet spectroscopy
14.5.3 Thermal analysis14.5.4 Raman spectroscopy
14.5.5 Atomic force microscopy
14.5.6 X-ray diffraction studies
14.5.7 Wide angle X-ray scattering14.5.8 Small angle X-ray scattering
14.5.9 Electron microscopy
14.5.10 Transmission electron microscopy14.5.11 Scanning electron microscopy
14.5.12 Characterization of porosity
14.6 Application based on phase transfer
14.6.1 The synthesis of monometal-based nanopowder
14.6.2 Use of titania film in car
14.7 Synthesis of bimetallic alkoxide for the preparation of bimetallic oxide nanopowder
14.7.1 Physico-chemical properties of bimetallic alkoxides [94–96]
14.7.2 Preparation of bimetallic oxide nanopowder via sol–gel process
14.7.3 Some SEM data of bimetallic oxide
14.8 APPlications of metal oxide for photoluminescence
14.9 Conclusions
14.10 Future prospects
Acknowledgement
DedicationReferences
15 Some approaches to large-scale manufacturing of liposomes
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Structure and Self-Assembly of Phospholipids
15.3 Biological Functionality of Liposomes
15.3.1 Conventional Liposomes15.3.2 Cationic Liposomes15.3.3 Thermosensitive (Temperature-Sensitive) Liposomes
15.3.4 pH-Sensitive Liposomes
15.3.5 Long-Circulating (Sterically Stabilized) Liposomes15.3.6 Ultradeformable Liposomes (Transferosomes)
15.4 Methods of Liposome Preparation
15.4.1 Thin Film Hydration Method15.4.2 Reverse Phase Evaporation Vesicles
15.4.3 Freeze-Drying Method
15.4.4 Proliposome Methods
15.5 Large-Scale Manufacture of Particulate-Based Proliposomes
15.5.1 Proliposomes Manufactured Using Fluidized-Bed Coating
15.5.2 Proliposomes Produced Using Air-Jet (Fluid Energy) Milling
15.5.3 Proliposomes Produced Using Spray Drying
15.6 Large-Scale Manufacture of Ethanol-Based Proliposomes15.7 ConclusionsReferences
16 Nanocoatings in medicine: antiquity and modern times
16.1 Introduction
16.2 What Is a Nanocoating?
16.3 Common Nanocoating Methods
16.4 Nonmedical Applications of Nanocoating Technologies
16.4.1 Nanoprotection
16.4.2 Mechanical Properties
16.4.3 New Functionality
16.5 Nanocoating of Medical Devices
16.5.1 Dentistry
16.5.2 Implants
16.5.3 Stents
16.5.4 Cells
16.5.5 Miscellaneous
16.6 Nanocoating of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
16.7 Conclusions
References
17 Smart precursors for smart nanoparticles
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Type of Nanoparticles
17.2.1 Novel Properties of Materials at the Nanoscale
17.3 Structure of Nanoparticles [16–19]
17.4 Conductive Properties [3,20,21]
17.5 Metal Oxide
17.6 Shape of the Particles
17.6.1 Particle Size and its Distributions17.7 Surface Charge Density and Their Colloidal Stability
17.7.1 Interfacial Polarity
17.7.2 Cross-Linking17.7.3 Functionality17.8 Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides Used as Single-Source Molecular Precursors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials [25–78]
17.8.1 Geometrical Concept in the Design of Molecular Structure [26–29]
17.8.2 Schematic Representation of the Major Experimental Steps Involved in the Synthesis of Mixed Metal Oxide Nanopowder
17.8.3 Reactivity of Metal Substitution Reactions
17.9 Molecular Structure Plays the Decisive Role
17.9.1 Synthesis of Nanomaterials [41–61]
17.9.2 Capping Agents
17.9.3 Liquid-Phase Synthesis
17.9.4 Advantages of Vapor-Phase Synthesis
17.9.5 Methods Used for Liquid or Vapor Precursor Process
17.9.6 Processing for the Synthesis of Nanostructure Materials in the Nanoparticle17.9.7 Vacuum Thermal Evaporation Technique for Deposition [76,244–247]
17.10 Experimental Techniques
17.10.1 FTIR Spectra
17.10.2 Difference in Energy States = Energy of Light Absorbed
17.10.3 Calcination at 450°C for 4 h in dry air
17.10.4 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (1/2)
17.10.4 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (2/2)
17.10.5 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis
17.10.6 Specific Surface Area
17.10.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy
17.10.8 Probe Microscopy
17.11 Diffraction Techniques
17.11.1 Neutron Diffraction
17.12 Miscellaneous Techniques [282,283]
17.12.1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy17.12.2 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS)
17.12.3 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
17.12.4 Mass Spectroscopy17.12.5 Photoelectron Spectroscopy17.12.6 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
17.12.7 Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET)
17.13 Applications of Nanomaterials
17.14 Uses of Nanomaterials for Various Applications
17.14.1 Thin Coatings [293–297] (1/3)
17.14.1 Thin Coatings [293–297] (2/3)
17.14.1 Thin Coatings [293–297] (3/3)
17.15 Conclusion
DedicationReferences
Index (1/3)
Index (2/3)
Index (3/3)

Content preview from Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing, 2nd Edition

408 CHAPTER 15 Some approaches to large-scale manufacturing of liposomes

15.4.3 FREEZE-DRYING METHOD

Since phospholipids are unstable in aqueous dispersions, freeze-drying can be used

as a method to stabilize liposomes for long-term storage [39,40]. Freeze-drying, also

called lyophilization, relies on freezing the liposome dispersion followed by removal

of water under very low pressure (below the triple point of the system). However,

freeze-drying itself may exert a destabilizing effect on liposome bilayers, leading to

liposome fusion and leakage of entrapped hydrophilic material during lyophilization

[40]. This may be minimized by the addition ...

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