
Impact of Recalls on Retailer Shareholder Wealth ◾ 255
a recall of a privately branded product, compared with a nationally branded prod-
uct. Similarly, the t test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test results indicated that
there was a signicant dierence in the cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) for
privately vs. nationally branded product recall announcements.
e results of the hierarchical regression analysis are presented in Table 15.4.
e variance ination factor (VIF) values indicate that multicollinearity was not a
problem. Model 1 includes only the control variables, in order to provide a baseline.
e signicant change in R
2
for Model 2 indic ...