book

Killer Game Programming in Java

Name: Killer Game Programming in Java
Author: Andrew Davison
ISBN: 9780596552909

by Andrew Davison

May 2005

Intermediate to advanced

998 pages

26h

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Killer Game Programming in Java
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A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
Preface
Who Are You?
What This Book Is About
This Book (and More) Is Online
What This Book Is Not About
A Graphical View of This Book
2D Programming3D ProgrammingNetwork ProgrammingThe Appendixes
Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples

Comments and Questions
Safari Enabled
Acknowledgments
1. Why Java for Games Programming?
1.1. Java Is Too Slow for Games Programming1.1.1. Swing Is Slow1.1.2. My Program Is Slow Because of Java
1.2. Java Has Memory Leaks
1.3. Java Is Too High-level
1.4. Java Application Installation Is a Nightmare
1.5. Java Isn't Supported on Games Consoles
1.6. No One Uses Java to Write Real Games
1.6.1. Freeware/Shareware Games
1.7. Sun Microsystems Isn't Interested in Supporting Java Gaming
2. An Animation Framework
2.1. Animation as a Threaded Canvas2.1.1. Synchronization Concerns2.1.2. Application and Game Termination2.1.3. Why Use Volatile?2.1.4. Why Sleep?2.1.5. Double Buffering Drawing2.1.6. Adding User Interaction
2.3. Converting to Active Rendering
2.4. FPS and Sleeping for Varying Times
2.4.1. Timer Resolution2.4.2. Am I Done Yet? (Nope)2.4.3. Improved J2SE Timers2.4.4. Using Non-J2SE Timers2.4.5. Measuring Timer Resolution2.4.6. Java 3D Timer Bug Alert
2.5. Sleeping Better
2.5.1. Handling Sleep Inaccuracies
2.6. FPS and UPS
2.6.1. Separating Updates from Rendering
2.7. Pausing and Resuming
2.8. Other Animation Approaches
2.8.1. Swing Timer Animation2.8.2. The Utility Timer
3. Worms in Windows and Applets
3.1. Preliminary Considerations3.1.1. The Choice of Timer3.1.2. Class Reuse3.1.3. Testing for Speed
3.2. Class Diagrams for the WormChase Application
3.3. The Worm-Chasing Application
3.4. The Game Panel
3.4.1. User Input3.4.2. The Animation Loop3.4.3. Statistics Gathering3.4.4. Drawing the Canvas
3.5. Storing Worm Information
3.5.1. Growing a Worm3.5.2. Calculating a New Head Point3.5.3. Choosing a Bearing3.5.4. Dealing with Obstacles3.5.5. Moving the Worm3.5.6. Drawing the Worm3.5.7. Testing the Worm
3.6. Worm Obstacles
3.7. Application Timing Results
3.7.1. Timing Results Using currentTimeMillis()
3.8. WormChase as an Applet
3.8.1. The WormChaseApplet Class3.8.2. The WormPanel Class3.8.3. Timing Results
3.9. Compilation in J2SE 5.0
3.9.1. What Is a Type-Safe Collection?3.9.2. Dealing with Raw Types in J2SE 5.0
4. Full-Screen Worms
4.1. An Almost Full-Screen (AFS) Worm4.1.1. The AFS WormChase Class4.1.2. Stopping Window Movement4.1.3. Timings for AFS
4.2. An Undecorated Full-Screen (UFS) Worm
4.2.1. The UFS WormChase Class4.2.2. The Game Panel4.2.3. Button Behavior4.2.4. Drawing the Game Canvas4.2.5. Exiting the Game4.2.6. Timings for UFS
4.3. A Full-Screen Exclusive Mode (FSEM) Worm
4.3.1. The FSEM WormChase Class4.3.2. Setting Up Full-Screen Exclusive Mode4.3.3. Double Buffering, Page Flipping, and More4.3.4. Rendering the Game4.3.5. Finishing Off4.3.6. Displaying the Display Mode4.3.7. Changing the Display Mode4.3.8. Timings for FSEM
4.4. Timings at 80 to 85 FPS
5. An Introduction to Java Imaging
5.1. Image Formats
5.2. The AWT Imaging Model
5.1.1. The MediaTracker Class5.1.2. ImageIcon5.1.3. The Rise of JARs5.1.4. AWT Image Processing
5.3. An Overview of Java 2D
5.2.1. The Graphics2D Class5.2.2. Java 2D and Active Rendering
5.4. Buffering an Image
5.4.1. From Image to BufferedImage5.4.2. The Internals of BufferedImage5.4.3. BufferedImageOp Operations
5.5. Managed Images
5.6. VolatileImage
5.7. Java 2D Speed
5.8. Portability and Java 2D
5.9. JAI
6. Image Loading, Visual Effects, and Animation
6.1.6.1.1. Class Diagrams for the Application
6.2. Loading Images
6.2.1. Internal Data Structures6.2.2. Getting an Image6.2.3. Using ImagesLoader6.2.4. Implementation Details6.2.5. Image Loading6.2.6. Loading Strip File Images
6.3. Applying Image Effects
6.3.1. Starting ImagesTests6.3.2. Initializing Images6.3.3. Updating the Images6.3.4. Painting the Images6.3.5. Information on Accelerated Memory
6.4. Displaying Image Sequences
6.4.1. Implementation Details
6.5. Visual Effects for 'o' Images
6.5.1. Precalculation Is Faster6.5.2. drawImage()-Based Processing6.5.3. Alpha Compositing6.5.4. Affine Transforms6.5.5. ConvolveOp Processing6.5.6. LookupOp Processing6.5.7. RescaleOp Processing6.5.7.1. Brightening the image6.5.7.2. Negating the image6.5.8. BandCombineOp Processing6.5.9. Pixel Effects6.5.8.1. Teleporting an image6.5.8.2. Zapping an image
6.6. Packaging the Application as a JAR
7. Introducing Java Sound
7.1. Applet Playing
7.2. The AudioClip Class
7.3. The Sound Player
7.4. The Java Sound API
7.5. Sampled Audio
7.5.1. The Mixer7.5.2. Playing a Clip7.5.3. Short Sound Bug in J2SE 5.07.5.4. Playing a Buffered Sample
7.6. MIDI
7.6.1. A MIDI Sequence7.6.2. Playing a MIDI Sequence
7.7. Java Sound API Compared with JMF and JOAL
7.8. Java Sound API Resources
7.9. Audio Resources
8. Loading and Playing Sounds
8.1. Loader Design and Implementation Issues
8.2. Testing the Loaders
8.2.1. Watching the Loaders8.2.2. Termination8.2.3. The Listener Methods
8.3. The Sounds Panel
8.4. The Clips Loader
8.4.1. Playing Clips
8.5. Storing Clip Information
8.5.1. Stopping Clips8.5.2. Pausing and Resuming Clips8.5.3. Handing Line Events
8.6. The Midi Sequences Loader
8.6.1. Playing Sequences8.6.2. Pausing and Resuming Sequences8.6.3. Stopping Sequences8.6.4. Closing Sequences
8.7. Storing Midi Information
8.7.1. Stopping Sequences8.7.2. Pausing and Resuming Sequences
8.8. LoadersTests as a JAR File
9. Audio Effects
9.1. Audio Effects on Sampled Audio9.1.1. Precalculation9.1.2. Byte Array Manipulation9.1.2.1. Making a sound clip echo9.1.2.2. Playing9.1.3. Utilizing Mixer Controls9.1.3.1. Adjusting a clip's volume and pan values9.1.3.2. What controls are available?9.1.3.3. Java audio controls9.1.3.4. Setting the volume in PlaceClip9.1.3.5. Panning between the speakers in PlaceClip
9.2. Audio Effects on MIDI Sequences
9.2.1. Precalculation9.2.2. Sequence Manipulation9.2.2.1. Doubling the sequence volume9.2.3. MIDI Channel Controllers9.2.3.1. Making a sequence fade away9.2.3.2. Getting and setting the volume9.2.3.3. Changing the volume9.2.3.4. The MIDI volume bug9.2.3.5. Panning the sequence9.2.3.6. Changing the pan value9.2.4. Sequencer Methods
10. Audio Synthesis
10.1. Sampled Audio Synthesis10.1.1. Note Names10.1.2. Playing a Note10.1.3. Synthesizing Notes10.1.3.1. Creating samples10.1.3.2. Extending NotesSynth
10.2. MIDI Synthesis
10.2.1. Sending Note-Playing Message to a MIDI Channel10.2.2. Sending MIDI Messages to the Synthesizer's Receiver Port10.2.2.1. Control change messages10.2.3. Creating a Sequence10.2.3.1. Instruments and soundbanks10.2.3.2. Listing instruments10.2.3.3. Making a sequence10.2.3.4. Playing the sequence10.2.3.5. The add() methods10.2.3.6. Changing an instrument10.2.3.7. Program and bank change10.2.3.8. From note name to MIDI number10.2.3.9. Extending SeqSynth
10.3. Audio Synthesis Libraries
11. Sprites
11.1. Bats, Balls, and Sprites
11.2. Class Diagrams for BugRunner
11.3. The Bug Starts Running
11.4. The Animation Framework
11.4.1. User Interaction11.4.2. The Animation Loop11.4.3. Finishing the Game
11.5. Defining a Sprite
11.6. Coding a Sprite
11.6.1. The Sprite Constructor11.6.2. A Sprite's Image11.6.3. A Sprite's Bounding Box11.6.4. Updating a Sprite11.6.5. Drawing a Sprite
11.7. Specifying a Sprite with a Statechart
11.7.1. Translating a Statechart to Code
11.8. The Ball Sprite
11.8.1. Textual Specification11.8.2. Statechart Specification11.8.3. Translating the Statechart11.8.3.1. Updating the sprite11.8.3.2. Hitting a wall11.8.3.3. Leaving the screen11.8.3.4. Drawing the sprite
11.9. Defining the Bat
11.9.1. Textual Specification11.9.2. Statechart Specification11.9.3. Translating the Statechart11.9.3.1. User-based reactions11.9.3.2. Mouse responses11.9.3.3. Time-based reactions11.9.3.4. Concurrently shared data
12. A Side-Scroller
12.1. JumpingJack in Layers
12.2. Class Diagrams for JumpingJack
12.3. Start Jack Jumping
12.4. The Animation Framework
12.4.1. Dealing with Input12.4.2. Multiple Key Presses/Actions12.4.3. The Animation Loop12.4.3.1. Rendering order12.4.4. Handling an Explosion
12.5. Managing the Ribbons
12.6. Wraparound Ribbons
12.6.1. Drawing the Ribbon's Image12.6.1.1. Case 1: Draw the image at JPanel (0,0)12.6.1.2. Case 2: Image moving right, where xImHead is less than pWidth12.6.1.3. Case 3: Image moving right, where xImHead is greater than or equal to pWidth12.6.1.4. Case 4: Image moving left, where xImHead is greater than or equal to (pWidth-width)12.6.1.5. Case 5. Image moving left, where xImHead is less than (pWidth-width)
12.7. Managing the Bricks
12.7.1. Loading Bricks Information12.7.2. Initializing the Bricks Data Structures12.7.3. Moving the Bricks Map12.7.4. Drawing the Bricks12.7.4.1. Case 1. Bricks map moving right and bCoord is less than pWidth12.7.4.2. Case 2. Bricks map moving right and bCoord is greater than pWidth12.7.4.3. Case 3. Bricks map moving left and bCoord is greater than (pWidth-width+imWidth)12.7.4.4. Case 4. Bricks map moving left and bCoord is less than (pWidth-width+ imWidth)12.7.4.5. The drawBricks() method12.7.5. JumperSprite-Related Methods12.7.5.1. Finding the floor12.7.5.2. Testing for brick collision12.7.5.3. Jumping and hitting your head12.7.5.4. Falling and sinking into the ground
12.8. Storing Brick Information
12.9. The Fireball
12.9.1. Statechart Specification
12.10. The Jumping Sprite
12.10.1. Statechart Specification12.10.2. Representing the States12.10.3. Initialization12.10.4. Key Event Processing12.10.5. JackPanel Collision Testing12.10.6. Updating the Sprite12.10.6.1. Falling?12.10.7. Vertical Movement
12.11. Other Side-Scroller Examples
12.12. Tiling Software
13. An Isometric Tile Game
13.1. Isometric Tiles13.1.1. Movement13.1.2. Placing a Sprite/Object13.1.3. The Tile Map Surface13.1.4. The Aliens
13.2. Class Diagrams for AlienTiles
13.3. The Animation Framework
13.3.1. Managing the Game World13.3.2. Dealing with Input13.3.3. The Animation Loop13.3.4. Ending the Game
13.4. Managing the World
13.4.1. Loading Floor Information13.4.1.1. Storing floor data13.4.1.2. Creating obstacles13.4.2. Loading World Entity Information13.4.3. Pickup Methods13.4.4. Player Methods13.4.5. Drawing the World
13.5. Managing WorldItems
13.5.1. Adding an Entity13.5.2. Drawing Entities13.5.3. Pickup Methods
13.6. The Tile Occupier
13.6.1. Additional Sprite Information13.6.2. Drawing a Tile Occupier
13.7. A Sprite on a Tile
13.7.1. Moving to Another Tile
13.8. The Player Sprite
13.8.1. Moving (and Standing Still)13.8.2. Drawing the Player13.8.3. Being Hit by an Alien13.8.4. Trying to Pick Up a Pickup
13.9. The Alien Sprite
13.9.1. Updating the AlienSprite
13.10. The Quadrant-Based Alien Sprite
13.10.1. Planning a Move13.10.2. Moving the AlienQuadSprite
13.11. The A*-Based Alien Sprite
13.11.1. Planning a Move13.11.2. The A* Algorithm13.11.3. Moving the AlienAStarSprite
13.12. Storing Tile Details
13.12.1. Calculating the Cost to the Goal
13.13. Further Reading
13.13.1. A* Information
14. Introducing Java 3D
14.1. Java 3D14.1.1. DirectX or OpenGL?14.1.2. The Scene Graph14.1.2.1. Some Java 3D scene graph nodes14.1.2.2. The HelloUniverse scene graph
14.2. Java 3D Strengths
14.2.1. The Scene Graph14.2.2. Performance14.2.3. Unique Features14.2.4. Java Integration14.2.5. Documentation and Examples
14.3. Criticisms of Java 3D for Games Programming
14.3.1. Java 3D Is Too Slow for Games14.3.1.1. Java 3D is slow because Java is slow14.3.2. Java 3D Is Too High-Level14.3.3. Lack of Console Support14.3.4. No Real Java 3D Games14.3.4.1. Java 3D loaders for games14.3.4.2. Add-ons for gaming14.3.5. Sun Doesn't Support Java 3D14.3.5.1. Roadmaps for the future
14.4. Alternatives to Java 3D
14.4.1. Java Bindings to OpenGL14.4.1.1. GL4Java14.4.1.2. Lightweight Java Game Library (LWJGL)14.4.1.3. JOGL14.4.2. Scene Graph APIs14.4.2.1. Xith3D14.4.2.2. OpenMind14.4.2.3. jME graphics engine14.4.2.4. Jist3D14.4.2.5. JiD14.4.2.6. Aviatrix3D14.4.2.7. Kahlua14.4.2.8. jFree-D214.4.3. Game Engine Bindings14.4.3.1. Auriga3D14.4.3.2. Jake214.4.3.3. Ogre4J14.4.3.4. Jirr14.4.3.5. Odejava
15. A 3D Checkerboard: Checkers3D
15.1. Class Diagrams for Checkers3D
15.2. Integrating Java 3D and Swing
15.3. Scene Graph Creation
15.3.1. Lighting the Scene15.3.2. The Scene's Background
15.4. Floating Spheres
15.4.1. Coloring the Spheres15.4.2. Positioning the Spheres
15.5. The Floor
15.5.1. The Colored Tiles15.5.2. The Floor's Axis Labels
15.6. Viewer Positioning
15.7. Viewer Movement
15.8. Viewing the Scene Graph
16. Loading and Manipulating External Models
16.1. An Overview of LoaderInfo3D
16.2. Loaders in Java 3D
16.2.1. Using NCSA Portfolio Loaders
16.3. Displaying a Model
16.3.1. Scaling the Model
16.4. Examining a Model's Scene Graph
16.4.1. Graph Traversal Output
16.5. Adjusting a Model's Shape Attributes
16.5.1. Turning the Shape Blue16.5.2. Drawing a Shape in Outline16.5.3. Making a Shape Almost Transparent16.5.4. Adding a Texture to a Shape16.5.4.1. Texture coordinates16.5.4.2. A tendency to strip16.5.4.3. Applying the texture to the shape
16.6. An Overview of Loader3D
16.7. Using Loader3D
16.8. Creating the Scene
16.9. Managing the Model
16.10. Building the Model's Scene Graph
16.10.1. Loading the Model16.10.2. Loading and Applying the Coords Data16.10.3. Handling Rotation16.10.3.1. Applying the rotation16.10.4. Making the Model Available16.10.5. Modifying the Model's Configuration at Runtime
17. Using a Lathe to Make Shapes
17.1. Class Diagrams for Lathe3D
17.2. Creating the Scene
17.2.1. Shapes with Curves and Lines17.2.2. Shapes with Colors17.2.3. Different Curve Rotations
17.3. The Lathe Curve
17.3.1. Specifying Curve Segments17.3.2. Implementation17.3.3. Calculating the Tangents17.3.4. Building the Entire Curve
17.4. The Lathe Shape
17.4.1. Creating the Geometry17.4.2. You Say You Want a Revolution17.4.3. Creating Texture Coordinates17.4.4. A Thin Problem17.4.5. Making an Appearance
17.5. Subclassing the Lathe Shape
17.5.1. An Elliptical Shape17.5.2. A Rhodonea Shape
18. 3D Sprites
18.1. Class Diagrams for Tour3D
18.2. Creating the Scene
18.2.1. Adding a Background Image18.2.2. Full-Screen Display18.2.3. Adding Scenery and Obstacles18.2.4. Obstacles
18.3. The Basic 3D Sprite
18.3.1. Visibility18.3.2. Movement and Rotation18.3.3. Obstacle and Boundary Detection18.3.4. Updating the Sprite
18.4. The User's Touring Sprite
18.5. The Alien Sprite
18.6. Behaviors in Java 3D
18.7. Controlling the Touring Sprite
18.7.1. What's a Third-Person Camera?18.7.2. Setting Up TouristControls18.7.3. Keys Understood by TouristControls18.7.4. Viewpoint Initialization18.7.5. Moving the Camera18.7.6. Zooming the Camera18.7.7. Rotating the Camera
18.8. Updating the Alien Sprite
19. Animated 3D Sprites
19.1.19.1.1. Keyframe Animation in This Chapter
19.2. Class Diagrams for AnimTour3D
19.3. Creating the Scene
19.4. The Animated 3D Sprite
19.4.1. Loading the Poses19.4.2. Where Did These Models Come From?19.4.3. Setting a Pose19.4.4. Sprite Activity19.4.5. Floor Boundary Detection
19.5. Controlling the Sprite
19.6. Animating the Sprite
19.6.1. Adding an Animation Sequence19.6.2. Processing an Animation Operation19.6.3. Updating the User's Viewpoint
19.7. Full-Screen Exclusive Mode (FSEM)
19.8. A Full-Screen Version of the Application
19.8.1. Creating the Full-Screen Scene19.8.2. Changing the Display Mode
19.9. Pros and Cons of Keyframe Animation
20. An Articulated, Moveable Figure
20.1. The Articulated Figure Application20.1.1. Building the Figure
20.2. Forward and Inverse Kinematics
20.2.1. Forward Kinematics in Mover3D
20.3. Class Diagrams for Mover3D
20.4. Creating the Scene
20.5. Processing User Input
20.6. The Commands Panel
20.6.1. Processing a Command
20.7. Making and Moving the Figure
20.7.1. Building the Figure20.7.2. Orientating Limbs20.7.3. Creating the Scene Graph20.7.4. Processing Limb-Related Operations20.7.5. Figure Movement
20.8. Modeling a Limb
20.8.1. Growing a Limb20.8.2. Updating and Resetting
20.9. Moving a Limb
20.9.1. Moving an Elliptical Limb
20.10. Other Articulated Figures
20.11. Articulation and Mesh Deformation
20.12. Articulation and Skinning
20.13. Articulation and Morphing
21. Particle Systems
21.1. Particle Systems in Java 3D21.1.1. Referring to Float Arrays21.1.2. Synchronization Problems21.1.3. The Inner Class Coding Style
21.2. Class Diagrams for Particles3D
21.3. Creating the Scene
21.4. A Fountain of Points
21.4.1. The Particle System's Geometry and Appearance21.4.2. Updating the Points21.4.3. Updating Particles21.4.4. Triggering an Update
21.5. A Fountain of Lines
21.5.1. Initializing the Particles21.5.2. Particle Appearance21.5.3. Updating the Particle System
21.6. A Fountain of Quads
21.6.1. Specifying the Geometry21.6.2. Initializing Particle Movement21.6.3. Initializing Particle Texture Coordinates21.6.4. Initializing Particle Normals21.6.5. Particle Appearance21.6.6. Updating the Particles
21.7. Performance Results
21.8. More Particle Systems
21.9. Other Java 3D Approaches
21.10. Non-Java 3D Approaches
22. Flocking Boids
22.1. A Flocking Application
22.2. Scene Creation
22.3. Adding Obstacles
22.3.1. The boid shape
22.4. Types of Boids
22.4.1. Boid Movement22.4.2. Animating the Boid22.4.3. Velocity Rules22.4.4. Obstacle Avoidance22.4.5. Staying in Bounds22.4.6. The Prey Boid22.4.7. The Predator Boid
22.5. Grouping the Boids
22.6. Flock Behavior
22.6.1. Animate the Boids22.6.2. Velocity Rules Again22.6.3. The Prey's Behavior22.6.4. Velocity Rules and Other Flocks22.6.5. Goodbye Prey22.6.6. The Predator's Behavior22.6.7. Lunch Time
23. Shooting a Gun
23.1. Class Diagrams for Shooter3D
23.2. Scene Creation
23.3. The Sound of Shooting
23.4. Picking Scene Objects
23.4.1. What to Pick in Shooter3D?
23.5. Controlling the Gun
23.6. Preparing the Laser Beam
23.6.1. Shooting the Beam
23.7. Causing an Explosion
23.7.1. Rotating the Explosion23.7.2. Displaying a Series of Images
23.8. Picking with a Mouse Click
23.8.1. From Mouse Click to Picked Object23.8.2. Finding Intersections
23.9. Shooting Behavior
23.9.1. Debugging Picking23.9.2. Rotating the Cone23.9.3. Making the Explosion Face the Viewer
23.10. Firing the Beam
23.11. More on Picking
24. A First-Person Shooter
24.1. Class Diagrams for FPShooter3D
24.2. Setting Up the Target
24.3. Positioning and Moving the User's Viewpoint
24.3.1. Viewpoint Behaviors
24.4. Initializing the User's Viewpoint
24.5. Adding an Image to the Viewpoint
24.5.1. Why Use a GIF?
24.6. Managing the Ammunition
24.6.1. Shooting the Gun
24.7. Managing a Laser Beam
24.7.1. Firing a Beam
24.8. Moving the Viewpoint
25. A 3D Maze
25.1. Class Diagrams for Maze3D
25.2. Making a Maze Plan
25.2.1. Generating a Maze Using Software
25.3. The User Interface
25.4. Managing the Maze
25.4.1. Collision Detection
25.5. Scenery Creation
25.5.1. Making a Background
25.6. Tiling the Floor
25.6.1. The Textured Plane
25.7. Viewpoint Creation
25.7.1. The FOV25.7.2. Clip Distances25.7.3. Adding a Spotlight25.7.4. Adding an Avatar25.7.5. Positioning the Viewpoint25.7.6. Keyboard Controls
25.8. The Back Facing Camera
25.8.1. Adding the Second View to the GUI
25.9. Moving the Viewpoint
25.10. The Bird's-Eye View
25.10.1. Moving the Arrow25.10.2. Rotating the Arrow25.10.3. Why Not Use a Bird's-Eye Camera?
25.11. Related Approaches to Scene Generation
26. Fractal Land
26.1. Class Diagrams for the Fractal Land26.1.1. What Is Flatness?
26.2. Building the Fractal Land
26.2.1. Linear Fog26.2.2. User Controls
26.3. Creating the Landscape
26.3.1. Creating Floors26.3.2. Creating Walls26.3.3. On the Floor26.3.4. Picking a Height26.3.5. Issues with Terrain Representation
26.4. Constructing the Ground
26.4.1. Stripification26.4.2. Texture Minification26.4.3. Multiple Textures
26.5. Generating a Fractal Landscape
26.5.1. Printing the Mesh26.5.2. Fixing the Randomness
26.6. Responding to Key Presses
26.7. Terrain Following and Collision Avoidance
26.8. Placing Objects in the Scene
26.9. Other Fractal Landscapes
27. Terrain Generation with Terragen
27.1. Class Diagrams for Terra3D
27.2. Terragen
27.2.1. Using Terragen27.2.2. Extracting a Terragen Texture
27.3. Scenery Creation
27.3.1. Setting Up the User's Controls
27.4. Building the Landscape
27.4.1. Loading the Mesh27.4.2. Placing the Terrain in the World27.4.3. Adding Texture to the Terrain
27.5. Making 3D Scenery
27.5.1. Placing the Models
27.6. Adding Landscape Walls
27.6.1. A Wall as a Textured Plane
27.7. Creating Ground Cover
27.7.1. The Ground Cover27.7.2. The Ground Shape
27.8. Moving over the Surface
27.8.1. Where Am I?27.8.2. Strolling Around the Terrain
27.9. Finding the Surface Height
27.9.1. Picking in HeightFinder
27.10. Accelerating Terrain Following
27.10.1. More Threads?27.10.2. Mesh Decomposition
27.11. More on Terrain Generation
27.11.1. DEM and Terrain Generation27.11.2. ROAM27.11.3. The CLOD Algorithm27.11.4. Other Java 3D Projects
28. Trees That Grow
28.1. Class Diagrams for Trees3D
28.2. Creating the Scene
28.2.1. Loading Leaves28.2.2. Depth-Sorting for Transparency28.2.3. Getting Ready for Growth
28.3. Building a Tree Limb
28.3.1. Storing Tree Limb Information28.3.2. Subgraph Creation28.3.3. Scaling28.3.4. Changing the Limb's Color28.3.5. Leaves on Trees
28.4. Executing the Rules
28.5. Displaying Leaves
28.6. Comparison with L-Systems
28.6.1. Java 3D and L-Systems28.6.2. So Why Not Use L-Systems?
29. Networking Basics
29.1. The Elements of Network Communication29.1.1. Topology29.1.2. Bandwidth29.1.3. Latency29.1.4. Reliability29.1.5. Protocol
29.2. The Client/Server Model
29.3. The Peer-to-Peer Model
29.4. Client/Server Programming in Java
29.4.1. TCP Client and Sequential Server29.4.1.1. Class diagrams29.4.1.2. The sequential score server29.4.1.3. Processing a client29.4.1.4. Maintaining the scores information29.4.1.5. The scores client29.4.1.6. A simple alternative client29.4.2. TCP Client and Multithreaded Server29.4.2.1. Maintaining scores information29.4.3. TCP Client and Multiplexing Server29.4.3.1. The multiplexing scores server29.4.3.2. Having the server accept a new client29.4.3.3. Having the server accept a request from an existing client29.4.3.4. Storing client information29.4.3.5. Reading a message29.4.3.6. Sending a message29.4.3.7. Waiting to send29.4.3.8. The client29.4.4. UDP Client and Server29.4.4.1. The UDP-based scores server29.4.4.2. The UDP-based scores client
29.5. P2P Programming in Java
29.5.1.29.5.1.1. The multicasting time server29.5.1.2. The multicasting time client
29.6. Firewalls
29.6.1. Retrieving a Web Page29.6.2. Proxy Authorization29.6.3. A Web-Based Client and Server29.6.3.1. A servlet that serves up time29.6.3.2. The time client29.6.4. Applets as Clients
29.7. Other Kinds of Java Networking
30. Network Chat
30.1. Threaded TCP Clients and Server30.1.1. The Chat Client30.1.2. Showing a Message and Threads30.1.3. Waiting for Chat Messages30.1.4. The Chat Server30.1.5. The Threaded Chat Handler30.1.6. Storing Chat Client Information30.1.7. The Chatter Class30.1.8. Discussion
30.2. UDP Multicasting Clients and a Name Server
30.2.1. The Name Server30.2.2. Improving Client Login and Logout30.2.3. Multicast Chatting30.2.3.1. Having the client talk to the name server30.2.3.2. Having the client talk to the multicast group30.2.3.3. Hearing from the multicast group30.2.4. How Invisible Are Invisible Messages?30.2.5. Ways to Implement who
30.3. Clients Using a Servlet as a Server
30.3.1. The URL-Based Chat Client30.3.1.1. Talking to the servlet30.3.2. Polling for Chat Messages30.3.3. The Chat Servlet30.3.3.1. Dealing with a new client30.3.3.2. Processing client messages30.3.4. Storing Chat Group Information30.3.4.1. Adding a new client to the group30.3.4.2. Reading client messages30.3.5. The Chatter Class
31. A Networked Two-Person Game
31.1. The Standalone Tic-Tac-Toe Game31.1.1. The Origins of the Game31.1.2. Building the Game Scene31.1.3. Building the Game Markers31.1.4. Picking and Dragging31.1.4.1. Dragging the board31.1.4.2. Picking a marker31.1.4.3. Picking comparisons31.1.5. The Game Representation31.1.5.1. Processing a selected position31.1.5.2. Storing the selected position31.1.5.3. Reporting a winner
31.2. The Networked Tic-Tac-Toe Game
31.2.1. Two-Person Communication Protocols31.2.1.1. Initialization31.2.1.2. Termination31.2.1.3. Game play31.2.2. Playing the Game31.2.3. The Top-Level Server31.2.4. The Player Handlers
31.3. Comparing NetFourByFour and FourByFour
31.3.1. Game Initialization in the Client31.3.2. Game Termination in the Client31.3.2.1. The player has won31.3.2.2. The close box was clicked31.3.2.3. Too few players, and the game is full31.3.2.4. The handler or other player has died31.3.3. Game Play in the Client31.3.3.1. Player 1's client31.3.3.2. Server-side processing31.3.3.3. Player 2's client31.3.4. Writing on the Canvas31.3.4.1. Mixed mode rendering31.3.4.2. Drawing on the overlay canvas
32. A Networked Virtual Environment
32.1. Background on NVEs32.1.1. The Elements of an NVE32.1.1.1. Spaces32.1.1.2. Users32.1.1.3. Objects32.1.1.4. Views32.1.1.5. Consistency32.1.1.6. Real-time32.1.1.7. Dead reckoning32.1.1.8. Security32.1.1.9. Scalability
32.2. An Overview of NetTour3D
32.2.1. Class Diagrams for NetTour3D32.2.2. NetTour3D as a Simple NVE
32.3. Scene Creation on the Client
32.4. Defining Sprites
32.5. Local Sprites
32.5.1. Creating a Local Sprite32.5.2. Moving and Rotating a Local Sprite32.5.3. The Departure of a Local Sprite
32.6. Watching the Server
32.6.1. Creating a Distributed Sprite32.6.2. The Distributed Sprites Class32.6.3. Moving and Rotating a Distributed Sprite32.6.4. Responding to Sprite Detail Requests32.6.5. Receiving Other Client's Sprite Details
32.7. Server Activities
32.7.1. Broadcasting32.7.2. Client-to-Client Message Passing
32.8. Other Java NVEs
32.8.1. The Sun Game Server
A. Installation Using install4j
A.1. install4j Versus JWS
A.2. The Java 3D Components
A.2.1. Java 3D Components for BugRunnerA.2.2. j3dutils.jar on a Diet
A.3. The BugRunner Application
A.3.1. Preparing the JARsA.3.2. TestingA.3.3. Creating the BugRunner InstallerA.3.4. UninstallationA.3.5. The BugRunner Installer
A.4. The Checkers3D Application
A.4.1. Preparing the JARsA.4.2. Changes to Checkers3D.javaA.4.3. Creating the Checkers3D InstallerA.4.4. The Checkers3D Installer
B. Installation Using Java Web Start
B.1. JWS Benefits
B.2. JWS Downsides
B.3. The JNLP Deployment File
B.4. Steps in Developing a JWS Application
B.5. A JWS Installer for BugRunner
B.5.1. Write the ApplicationB.5.2. Modify the Application for DeploymentB.5.3. Create a Public/Private Keypair for Signing the ApplicationB.5.4. Sign Everything with the Private KeyB.5.5. Create a Deployment FileB.5.5.1. Deployment testingB.5.6. Place Everything on a Server
B.6. A JWS Installer for Checkers3D
B.6.1. Write the ApplicationB.6.2. Modify the Application for DeploymentB.6.3. Create a Public/Private Keypair for Signing the ApplicationB.6.4. Sign Everything with the Private KeyB.6.5. Create a Deployment FileB.6.6. Place Everything on a Server
B.7. Another Way to Install Checkers3D
B.8. The JWS Portal Page
B.8.1. Setting javawsInstalled in JavaScriptB.8.2. The JavaScript FunctionsB.8.3. The VBScript CodeB.8.4. More Information on Portal Pages
B.9. Third-Party Certificates
B.9.1. Extract a CSRB.9.2. Request a CertificateB.9.3. Import the Certificate into the KeystoreB.9.4. Sign JARs with the Keypair
B.10. More Information
B.10.1. JWS and Java 3DB.10.2. JWS and Other Libraries
Index
Colophon
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Other Fractal Landscapes

Aside from the plasma fractal used in my code, two other popular approaches are the fault fractal and the Fractal Brownian Motion (FBM) fractal.

A fault fractal creates a height map by drawing a random line through a grid and increasing the height values on one side of the line. If this is repeated several hundred times then a reasonable landscape appears. The main drawbacks are the lack of programmer control over the finished product and the length of time required to produce a convincing geography.

An FBM fractal is a combination of mathematical noise functions which generate random height values within a certain range. An important advantage of FBM is that each noise function has several parameters which can be adjusted to alter its effect. C++ code for creating clouds and landscapes with FBMs can be found in the article by Jesse Laeuchi: "Programming Fractals" from Games Programming Gems 2, section 2.8, pp.239-246, 2001.

A good online starting point for fractal terrain information is the Virtual Terrain Project page (http://www.vterrain.org/Elevation/artificial.html).

The j3d.org code repository (http://code.j3d.org) has an extensive set of packages related to terrain creation. There's a FractalTerrainGenerator class in org.j3d.geom.terrain that uses a plasma fractal approach similar to mine in which the heights are generated and converted to geometry with ElevationGridGenerator. Colors are assigned per vertices based on ramp values specified in ColorRampGenerator ...

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Killer Game Programming in Java

by Andrew Davison

Other Fractal Landscapes

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