
In Chapter 4, we learnt six digital electronics logic operations used as basic operations in the
complex circuits. These are NOT, NAND, AND, OR, NOR and XOR. We also learnt that an
interesting combination is NOT-XOR (recall the Figures 4.1 and 4.2). There are the differ-
ent types of circuits of the logic gates for implementing these operations; RTL, DTL, TTL,
ECL, ICL, HTL, NMOS and CMOS. How are these circuits made? We shall learn this in
this chapter. How does the different family of gates differ? These questions are answered in
this chapter.
Let us first revise and learn the following concepts to have ease in learning the topics of
this chapter ...