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book
量子计算机编程:从入门到实践
by
Eric R. Johnston
,
Nicholas Harrigan
,
Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia
July 2021
Beginner to intermediate
274 pages
7h 10m
Chinese
Posts & Telecom Press
Content preview from
量子计算机编程:从入门到实践
保持领先:文献指引
|
249
14.7
竞赛
:
量子计算机与传统计算机
在讨论各种
QPU
应用时,我们经常饶有兴趣地比较
QPU
算法与传统算法的性能。尽管我
们已经逐个进行了比较,但量子计算机和传统计算机的能力还可以从计算复杂性的角度进
行有趣的比较。笼统地说,一个计算机科学问题的计算复杂性是由运行解决该问题的最高
效算法所需的资源决定的。计算复杂性理论根据问题的计算复杂性来研究难题的分类
4
。例
如,一些问题被分类为
P
,这意味着找到问题的解所需的资源与问题的规模成比例,所需
时间为多项式时间(例如矩阵对角化问题)。
NP
是指一类问题的
正确解
可以在多项式时间
内
检查
,但这些解不一定能在多项式时间内
找到
。这类问题有一个孪生类别,即
co-NP
问
题,它对应的是问题的不正确答案可以在多项式时间内得到验证。例如,我们在第
12
章
中讨论的质因数分解问题既属于
NP
问题,又属于
co-NP
问题——很容易检查一对数字是
(或者不是)质因数,但找出它们很难。不管
P=NP
是不是臭名昭著的待定问题,它都是非
常出名的,这要归功于流行文化的多次提及,以及一个小原因:
100
万美元的奖金在等待
着任何能够解决这个问题的人!基于充分的理由,人们普遍怀疑这两类问题是不相等的。
第
10
章提到的
NP
完全问题在某种意义上就是最难解的一类
NP
问题。
NP
类别中的任何
其他问题都可以归类为这类
NP
完全问题。如果能找到任何
NP
完全问题的多项式时间解,
那么所有
NP
问题也将在多项式时间内解决,类别也将变为
P
。
人们之所以对量子计算感兴趣,主要是因为它似乎能够降低某些问题的计算复杂性。请注 ...
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ISBN: 9787115566355