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O'Reilly Platform
book
量子计算机编程:从入门到实践
by
Eric R. Johnston
,
Nicholas Harrigan
,
Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia
July 2021
Beginner to intermediate
274 pages
7h 10m
Chinese
Posts & Telecom Press
Content preview from
量子计算机编程:从入门到实践
单个量子比特
|
15
好了,用光子做的介绍就到这里了!本书是程序员指南,不是物理学教科书。让我们从物
理学中抽身,抛开光子和量子物理,看看如何描述和可视化量子比特,就像抛开电子和半
导体物理去研究二进制逻辑一样。
2.2
圆形表示法
我们现在已经知道了何谓叠加态,但目前所知的内容仅与光子的特有行为密切相关。接下
来需要找到一种描述叠加态的抽象方式,从而只关注抽象的信息。
在成熟的量子物理学中,数学描述提供了这样一种抽象,但从表
2-2
左列可以看出,这种
数学描述远不如传统比特简单的二进制计算直观和方便。
幸运的是,表
2-2
右列的圆形表示法是一种更直观的方法。由于我们的目标是在无须深入
了解晦涩的数学知识的前提下,直观地理解
QPU
的内部原理,因此从现在开始,我们将
完全基于圆形表示法来思考量子比特。
我们通过光子实验发现,在
QPU
中,量子比特的一般状态有两个特性需要关注:叠加振
幅的强度和振幅之间的相对相位。这些参数与圆形表示法的关系如下。
•
与量子比特可能取的每个值(目前为止是
|
0
⟩
和
|
1
⟩
)相关联的振幅的强度与每个
|
0
⟩
圆
和
|
1
⟩
圆中的已填充区域的半径相关。
•
这些值的振幅之间的相对相位由
|
1
⟩
圆相对于
|
0
⟩
圆的旋转表示(在圆中画一条颜色较
深的线,以表示旋转)。
因为整本书都将依赖圆形表示法,所以有必要更详细地了解如何通过圆的大小和旋转来表
示上述概念。
2.2.1
圆的大小
如前所述,与
|
0
⟩
或
|
1
⟩
相关联的强度的平方决定了在读取时得到该值的概率。圆的填充
半径表示强度,这意味着如果读取量子比特,那么每个圆中的已填充面积 ...
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Publisher Resources
ISBN: 9787115566355