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O'Reilly Platform
book
量子计算机编程:从入门到实践
by
Eric R. Johnston
,
Nicholas Harrigan
,
Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia
July 2021
Beginner to intermediate
274 pages
7h 10m
Chinese
Posts & Telecom Press
Content preview from
量子计算机编程:从入门到实践
12
|
第
2
章
表
2-2
:量子比特的一些可能的值
可能的值
图形表示
|
0
⟩
|
1
⟩
0.707
|
0
⟩
+ 0.707
|
1
⟩
0.95
|
0
⟩
+ 0.31
|
1
⟩
0.707
|
0
⟩
– 0.707
|
1
⟩
在表
2-2
中,我们将
0
和
1
分别表示为
|
0
⟩
和
|
1
⟩
。这种符号被称为
狄拉克符
号
(
bra-ket
notation
),通常用于量子计算。一个简单的经验法则是,狄拉克
符号中的数字表示在读取时可能会得到的量子比特值。当谈到一个量子比特
已被读出的值时,我们只使用数字来表示。
表
2-2
中的前两行展示了与传统比特的状态等价的量子态,其中完全没有出现量子叠加态。
在状态
|
0
⟩
下制备的量子比特等价于传统比特
0
(在读取时总是给出值
0
),在状态
|
1
⟩
下同
理。如果永远只是非
|
0
⟩
即
|
1
⟩
,那么这些仅仅等价于传统比特的量子比特可够昂贵的。
如何才能获得如表
2-2
中后三行所示的那些更奇妙的量子叠加态呢?为了理解量子叠加态,
不妨先花上一点点时间思考量子比特到底是什么
1
。
2.1
物理量子比特概览
一个有助于阐释量子叠加态的例子是单光子。为了说明这一点,让我们先回退一步,假设
要使用光子的
位置
来表示传统比特。在图
2-1
所示的设备中,带开关的镜子(可以通过开
关调整为反射镜或透视镜)让我们能够控制光子走两条路径中的一条。其中,两条路径分
别对应
0
和
1
。
注
1
:
本书尽力避免过多地解释量子比特的含义。尽管这似乎有点令人扫兴,但请记住,传统编程指南几乎
从不讲比特和字节迷人的物理特性。实际上,正是能够从信息的物理本质中抽离出来,才使得复杂程
序的编写过程变得容易。 ...
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Publisher Resources
ISBN: 9787115566355