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O'Reilly Platform
book
量子计算机编程:从入门到实践
by
Eric R. Johnston
,
Nicholas Harrigan
,
Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia
July 2021
Beginner to intermediate
274 pages
7h 10m
Chinese
Posts & Telecom Press
Content preview from
量子计算机编程:从入门到实践
31
第
3
章
多个量子比特
尽管单个量子比特很有用,但多个量子比特在组合之后会更强大,也更有趣。我们已经
在第
2
章中详细地了解了量子叠加现象为计算引入的新参数:强度和相对相位。当
QPU
可以访问多个量子比特时,我们可以利用第
2
个强大的量子现象:
量子纠缠
(
quantum
entanglement
)。量子纠缠是量子比特之间的一种非常特殊的相互作用,我们将在本章中以
复杂而巧妙的方式利用它。
不过,为了充分利用多个量子比特,我们首先需要用一种方法将它们可视化。
3.1
多量子比特寄存器的圆形表示法
能否扩展圆形表示法,使之可用于表示多个量子比特呢?如果量子比特之间
没有交互
,那
么可以简单地使用单个量子比特表示法的复数版本。换句话说,可以为每个量子比特准备
一对圆来分别表示它的
|
0
⟩
态和
|
1
⟩
态。虽然这种简单的表示法可以表示任意单个量子比特
的叠加态,但它无法表示
量子比特组
的叠加态。
如何用圆形表示法表示
多量子比特寄存器
的状态呢?就像传统比特的情况一样,只需用含
有
N
个量子比特的寄存器来表示
2
N
个值即可。例如,处于状态
|
0
⟩|
1
⟩|
1
⟩
的三量子比特寄
存器可以表示十进制数
3
。对于多量子比特寄存器,通常用与表示单个量子比特相同的量
子表示法来描述寄存器所表示的十进制数。鉴于单个量子比特可以编码状态
|
0
⟩
和
|
1
⟩
,双
量子比特寄存器可以对状态
|
0
⟩
、
|
1
⟩
、
|
2
⟩
、
|
3
⟩
进行编码。利用量子比特的特点,还可以创
建这些状态的叠加态。为了表示
N
个量子比特的叠加态,我们将使用单独的圆来表示
2
N
个值中的每个值,如图
3-1
所示。 ...
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Publisher Resources
ISBN: 9787115566355