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33.1 Introduction
Techniques that use uorescence probes based on uorescence
energy transfer (e.g., molecular beacons) have been widely
applied with great success in biosensing assays. Nevertheless,
the need for alternative, rapid, and selective assays has contin-
ued to encourage researchers to explore other technologies hav-
ing comparable sensitivity as uorescence but having additional
unique and complementary advantages. Raman spectroscopy
is an important analytical technique for chemical and bio-
logical analysis due to the wealth of information on molecular
structures, surface processes, and interface reactions ...