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4.1 Introduction
Biomedical optics is an interdisciplinary study that demands
prociency across a broad range of topics, stretching from fun-
damental concepts in biology and biochemistry to technical
instrumentation in optics. e latter can sometimes be quite
intimidating itself, particularly when one considers the wide
diversity of devices associated with modern techniques and appli-
cations in biomedical optics, as seen in later chapters of this book.
It is easier to make sense of various instrumentation schemes when
guided by a basic understanding of the properties and operating
principles of devices involved in producing ...