Handbook of Biomedical Optics

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11.1 Introduction

Fluorescence-based techniques have become important tools

in biomedical research and clinical medicine. A wide range of

common biomedical applications are based on the measure-

ment of uorescence, including uorescence microscopy, DNA

sequencing, ow cytometry, and uorescence-based immuno-

assays (Lakowicz 2006). e use of uorescence spectroscopy

(FS) for biomedical diagnostics has been the subject of extensive

research and has included eorts to characterize cardiac tissue,

analyze blood, and aid in screening and early detection of can-

cer. FS is of particular interest as a noninvasive in vivo diag-

nostic technique, ...