Mac OS X Panther in a Nutshell, 2nd Edition

Command History

Previously executed commands are stored in a history list. You can access this list to verify commands, repeat them, or execute modified versions of them. The history built-in command displays the history list; the predefined variables histchars and history also affect the history mechanism. There are a number of ways to use the history list:

• Rerun a previous command

• Edit a previous command

• Make command substitutions

• Make argument substitutions (replace specific words in a command)

• Extract or replace parts of a command or word

The easiest way to take advantage of the command history is to use the arrow keys to move around in the history, select the command you want, and then rerun it or use the editing features described in Section 21.7.5, later in this chapter, to modify the command. The arrow keys are:

Key	Description
Up arrow	Previous command.
Down arrow	Next command.
Left arrow	Move left in command line.
Right arrow	Move right in command line.

The next sections describe some tools for editing and rerunning commands. With the C shell, which doesn’t have the command-line editing features of tcsh, these tools are important for rerunning commands. With tcsh, they are less often used, but they still work.

Command Substitution

Command	Description
!	Begin a history substitution.
!!	Previous command.
! N	Command number N in history list.
!- N	Nth command back from current command.
! string	Most recent command that starts with string.
!?