
Chapter IX—Summary of Systems Thinking and Learning 365
units into the smallest units (with specialists) is the way to get synergy in an
organization (i.e., 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5 when it usually equals 3 due to the higher
“transaction” costs).
31. Boards of Directors often fail to focus on this issue of overall systems integration and
best management practices. Unfortunately, these best management practices in
organizations are too complex to fully understand.
V. Other Common Strategic Obstacles and Mistakes
32. Failing to integrate planning and change at all levels.
33. Keeping planning separate from day-to-day management.
34. Developing vision, mission, ...