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2
Supply Chains as a System
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to
• Describe the components of the input–transformation–output (ITO) model.
• Describe the four types of ows in a supply chain.
• Provide examples of supply chains in different industries.
• Identify the difference between internal and external customers.
• Explain the difference between open and closed systems.
• Describe the effects of external inuences on supply chains.
• Discuss the obstacles and enablers of supply chain integration.
• Explain how supply chain performance can be measured.
• Explain why costs, resources, and benets must be fairly ...