371The Need to Integrate
(1) functional focus and proceed to an (2) internal integration, then to an (3) external inte-
gration, and nally to (4) cross-enterprise collaboration (PRTM 2005). Cigolini and col-
leagues offer a similar progression from (1) traditional logistics, with a focus on reducing
inventory; to (2) modern logistics, with a shift from cost reduction to improving customer
service; to (3) integrated process redesign, which provides a systemic vision of the supply
chain; to (4) an industrial organization, which focuses on the strategic alliances among
the various members of the same supply chain (Cigolini et al. 2004). Others describe the
need for logistics synchronization, information sharing, incentive alignment, and collec ...