
Quality in Production—Process Control I 287
Variability in the Parts
There are a total of 135 observations, and the variability among them is made up
of the actual variability in the parts and the variability arising from the instrument.
We have already estimated the variability from the instrument, and will therefore
be able to isolate the variability in the parts. The overall variability, estimated by
the computed standard deviation s of all 135 observations, is
. If we
designate the variability in the product as σ
p
, then
σ σ σ
all p g
= +
2 2
. Solving for σ
p
,
σ
p
= − =0 004 0031 0 0025
2 2
. . .
.
The ratio σ
g
/σ
p
represents the