
302 A First Course in Quality Engineering
Setting D
d
d
4
3
2
1
3
= +
and D
d
d
3
3
2
1
3
= −
, we get:
UCL
CL
R D R
R R
=
(
)
=
(
)
=
4
Values of the constants D
3
and D
4
have been computed and tabulated for
various values of n and are available in tables such as Table A�4 in the
Appendix�
From this derivation, we note the following:
1� The control limits for the R-chart have been calculated on the
assumption that the samples are drawn from normal populations�
2� The control limits are 3-sigma limits� If, for example, 2-sigma limits
are needed, then the limits can be calculated as R(1 ± 2(d
3
/d
2
)), using d
3
and d
2
from Table