markets, setting up overseas branches, transportation and communication costs,
costs of marketing in different countries, logistics and infrastructure costs, legal
expenses, support costs, and so on. These are both up-front and ongoing costs
that companies accept as part of the strategic decision to move into a market.
Even if a company is already well established overseas, the costs of launching any
kind of new product or initiative globally are high, and therefore the risk is high.
As a percentage of these costs, expenses for UCD activities are probably quite
small, but UCD can have a significant role in protecting these other investments.
The cost ...