CJKV Information Processing, 2nd Edition

Glyph Substitution

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Ligatures

Ligatures, single characters whose underlying glyphs are those of other characters, are

also very common, especially in Japanese.

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is is also known as n-to-one substitution.

e most common types of CJKV ligatures include those composed of kana, hangul, ideo-

graphs, and Latin characters. Variants of ligatures—but not all ligatures—include abbrevi-

ated and vertical forms. Table 7-46 illustrates examples of ligatures for CJKV text.

Ligature examplesTable 7-46.

Ligature type Original text Ligature form Vertical variant

Kana ligature



a

󰙪 󰞕

Hangul ligature



b

󰤸 󰤹

Ideograph ligature



c

󰙷 󰞅

Latin ligature

FAX

d

󰝴

n/a

Read a. kiroguramu, meaning “kilogram.”

Read b. jusik hoesa, meaning “incorporated.”

Read c. kabushiki gaisha, meaning “incorporated.”

An abbreviation for “facsimile,” in case you haven’t kept up with technology.d.

Some ligatures have abbreviated forms. at is, not all of the underlying glyphs that serve

to compose the ligature need to be in the abbreviated form—they are also enclosed. e

abbreviated ligature form of the four ideographs , for example, is 󰓃. It is also

considered to be a form of the ideograph  annotated with parentheses.

ere have historically been two styles of katakana ligatures used for Japanese, both of

which are found in character set standards and glyph sets: justied and centered. ese

two styles are distinguished ...