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O'Reilly Platform
book
LINUX系統程式設計 第二版
by
Robert Love
December 2013
Intermediate to advanced
496 pages
8h 57m
Chinese
GoTop Information, Inc.
Content preview from
LINUX系統程式設計 第二版
行程管理
|
149
行程識別碼的分配
核心會把行程識別碼的最大值預定為
32768
。這是為了相容於較舊的
Unix
系統;它們會
替行程識別碼使用較小的
16
位元資料型別。系統管理者可經由
/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max
將其設定為較高的值,使用較大
pid
空間的代價就是降低相容性。
核心會使用嚴格的線性方式,替行程分配行程識別碼。如果
pid 17
是當前所分配的最高
編號,則
pid 18
將會是下一個要分配的編號,即使在新的行程啟動時,上一個被賦予
pid 17
的行程已不再運行。核心不會重複使用
pid
值,除非超過最大值而回頭使用較小
的值—也就是,除非分配了
/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max
中所指定的值,否則不會使用稍早
用過的值。因此,雖然
Linux
無法長期保證行程識別碼的唯一性,但是它的分配行為至
少能夠替行程識別碼提供短期的穩定性以及唯一性。
行程的階層結構
行程若產生了一個新的行程則稱為
父行程
(
parent
);這個新的行程稱為
子行程
(
child
)。每個行程均產生自另一個行程(當然,
init
行程除外)。因此,每個子行程都
會具有一個父行程。此關係會被記錄在每個行程的
父行程識別碼
(
parent process ID
,
常簡寫為
ppid
);也就是,子行程之父行程的
pid
。
每個行程由一個用戶(
user
)及一個群組(
group
)所擁有。此所有權(
ownership
)可
用於控制資源的存取權限。對核心而言,用戶和群組只是整數值。經由檔案
/etc/passwd ...
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Publisher Resources
ISBN: 9789862769812