3 Compare the four main approaches to managing organizational change.
We now turn to several approaches to managing change: Lewin’s classic three-step model of the change process, Kotter’s eight-step plan, action research, and organizational development.
Lewin’s Three-Step Model
Kurt Lewin argued that successful change in organizations should follow three steps: unfreezing the status quo, movement to a desired end state, and refreezing the new change to make it permanent26 (see Exhibit 18-3).
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