August 2015
Intermediate to advanced
272 pages
5h 46m
Japanese
Content preview from Think Stats 第2版 ―プログラマのための統計入門
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104
7 章 変数間の関係
てがほぼ同一であるならば、見かけ上の相関を排除できる。
これは関係する変数がわからない場合でも使えるが、わかっているほうが便
利である。なぜなら
2
つのグループが同一であるかどうかチェックできるか
らだ。
こうした考え方はランダム化比較試験（
randomized controlled trial
、無作為対照
実験とも）の基になっています。ここでは対象は無作為に
2
つ（またはそれ以上）
のグループに分けられます。実験群（
treatment group
）はある種の介入（例えば新
しい薬など）を受けます。一方、対照群（
control group
）は何の介入も受けないか、
効果があらかじめわかっている処理を受けるものです。
ランダム化比較試験は、因果関係の実証を行うための最も信頼できる方法で、科学
的な医療の基礎となっています（
Wikipedia
日本語版の「ランダム化比較試験」のペー
ジを参照してください）
†
。
残念ながら比較試験は実験科学、医薬などの数少ない分野でのみ可能な方法です。
社会学では比較実験はまれです。たいていは不可能あるいは非倫理的という理由から
行うことができません。
代わりに自然実験（
natural experiment
）
‡
を探す方法もあります。これは、異なる「実
験」で比較部分以外はよく似たグループでの適用事例を探すものです。自然実験の問
題点の
1
つは、
2
つの群が、表面的には同じに見えても異なるかもしれないことです。
このトピックについて詳しくは
http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_experiment ...
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I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.