March 2023
Intermediate
240 pages
7h 3m
Japanese
Content preview from 図解まるわかり 電池のしくみ
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190
固体高分子形燃料電池、固体ポリマー、水分管理
5-9
次世代のエネルギー問題を
支える燃料電池
燃料自動車やエネファームで注目
究極のエコカーと注目の燃料電池自動車や家庭用電源エネファーム（5-
12）に使用されているのが、固体高分子形燃料電池（PEFC）です。
やはり60年代宇宙用の開発が始まりでしたが、白金触媒と電解質交換
膜が高価なため、研究開発が下火になります。80 年代後半から白金の使
用量をおさえる技術が開発され、再び注目されました。1993年にはカナ
ダで高分子形燃料電池が搭載されたバスが試作され、これを機に、多くの
自動車メーカーが燃料電池の開発に乗り出しました。
小型・軽量化が可能
電解質に、水素イオンなど陽イオンのみを通過させる固体ポリマー（高
分子膜）を用いて、燃料に水素が使われます。水素イオンが電解質中を移
動するカチオン交換型となり、図5-20 にあるように、反応式も同じにな
ります（5-2）。
電池の構造は、約0.7Vのセルをいくつか重ねてスタックを構成し、小
容量でも発電効率が高く、家庭用から自動車用まで実用化できます（図
5-21）。
電極の材質は、主にカーボン紙で、白金などの触媒が塗られており、電
解質は、非常に薄く小型・軽量化が可能です。しかし水素に一酸化炭素が
含まれていると白金が劣化するので、燃料には高純度の水素が必要となり
ます。また水素イオンを通過させるために、水分が必要となります。
運転温度が80 〜90 度と低温で起動や停止が早く、固体電解質なので液
漏れもありません。すでにエネファーム ...
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