March 2023
Intermediate
240 pages
7h 3m
Japanese
Content preview from 図解まるわかり 電池のしくみ
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174
水と電気を生み出す電池
燃料電池、電気エネルギー、電気分解
5-1
燃やさない「燃料」？
一次電池と二次電池は、活物質の化学反応により電気を取り出す電池で
す。それに対して燃料電池は、燃料と酸素などを補給し続ければ、継続的
に電気を作り出す、発電装置のような電池です。「燃料」の名称から、何
か燃やすように思えますが、実際には火は使わず、水素と酸素の化学反応
から電気を取り出す化学電池です。生成物は、ほぼ水だけで排ガスなどが
ないクリーンで安全なエネルギーなのです（図5-1）。
逆転の発想
燃料電池の原理は、水の電気分解から始まります。水に電気を通した
ら、水素と酸素にわかれて、負極から水素の、正極から酸素の気泡が出て
きます。その逆をすれば、つまり水素と酸素から水を作ったら、電気が生
まれます。こうした逆転の発想から、燃料電池は誕生したのです。
水素は普通に酸素と反応させると、熱エネルギーを得るため、爆発する
ことはよく知られています。そこで水素と酸素の反応する場所を別々に分
けると、熱の代わりに電気エネルギーが得られます（図5-2）。
次世代のエネルギーとして大注目
燃料電池の原型は、1839 年にウィリアム・ロバート・グローブ（英）
による希硫酸に浸した白金電極、水素と酸素を使った電池でした（図
5-3）。しかし電流が小さく、コストも高くて、研究は進みませんでした。
燃料電池の実用化が進んだのは1960 年代で、宇宙船に搭載されました。
国内では70 年代の石油ショック後に開発が進み、最近では次世代のエネ ...
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