March 2023
Intermediate
240 pages
7h 3m
Japanese
Content preview from 図解まるわかり 電池のしくみ
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46
やっかいな自己放電の解決法
自己放電、水銀合金、水素過電圧
2-5
やっかいな自己放電
電池は使用しないで放置しておくと、外部に接続しなくても、活物質と
電解質の間で、または両極の活物質が電解質を通して反応してしまいま
す。このとき時間の経過とともに、電池から取り出せる電気の量が低下し
てしまうことを自己放電といいます。
自己放電は化学反応によって進むので、電池の保存の際に周囲の温度が
高いほど起こりやすくなります。また保存時に化学反応が起こりやすい材
料があるため、電池の種類によって自己放電が起こりやすいものがありま
す。このような電池の自己放電を防ぐため、JIS規格では、一次電池に対
してのみ放電持続時間を発揮する期間である「使用推奨期限」を電池の本
体の底部や側面、パッケージに表示することになっています（図2-11）。
電池の高性能化に貢献した水銀
マンガン乾電池およびアルカリ乾電池（以下、乾電池）の負極活物質に
使われる亜鉛は、イオン化傾向が大きいため電解質に溶けやすく（1-7）、
これは、他の金属と化学反応を起こしやすく、自己放電を起こしやすいこ
とを意味します。しかし乾電池の中で自己放電が起きてしまうと、発生し
た水素ガスによって電池が膨張し、液漏れが起こってしまいます。
そのため1990 年までの乾電池には、必ず水銀が含まれていました。乾
電池の亜鉛は水銀との合金（アマルガム）を作ると、イオン化（腐食）が
妨げられ、自己放電による水素ガス発生をおさえることが可能になりま
す。これは水銀の水素を生成させるための電圧 ...
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