March 2023
Intermediate
240 pages
7h 3m
Japanese
Content preview from 図解まるわかり 電池のしくみ
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94
かつて小型家電で
大活躍した電池
ニッケル・カドミウム電池、カドミウム、オキシ水酸化ニッケル
3-7
80年代の充電できる電池の代表
鉛蓄電池の登場した40 年後の1899 年、エルンスト・ウォルデマール・
ユングナー（スウェーデン）によってニッケル・カドミウム電池（ニカド
電池、ニッカド電池、アルカリ蓄電池）が発明されました。このニカド電
池には、有害なカドミウムが含まれていますが、鉛蓄電池と比べてエネル
ギー密度が高く、過放電に強く、放電末期まで公称電圧1.2Vをほぼ維持
します。また長時間放置しても性能低下が少ないという利点があります。
日本では60 年代に発売後、特に円筒形の小型タイプが数多く普及し、
80 年代に発売されたウォークマンなどの携帯オーディオ、電動工具やシ
ェーバー、非常用の照明電源などにも使われていました。開発当初は、宇
宙から始まり、人工衛星に長い間、搭載されていました。しかし近年で
は、ニカド電池の代わりに、より性能のよいニッケル水素電池やリチウム
イオン電池に置き換わっています。
ニカド電池の反応
ニカド電池は放電時、負極活物質のカドミウムが酸化されて水酸化カド
ミウムになり、正極活物質のオキシ水酸化ニッケルが水酸化ニッケルに還
元されます。電解質はアルカリ性の水酸化カリウムです。
図3-14 に、負極、正極および反応全体の電池の放電・充電反応を記し
ます。なお、ここで右向きの矢印が放電、左向きの矢印が充電を表しま
す。
これによりニカド電池の正極では鉛蓄電池のように、活物質の溶解や析 ...
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