March 2023
Intermediate
240 pages
7h 3m
Japanese
Content preview from 図解まるわかり 電池のしくみ
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52
水銀電池、放電電圧、酸化第二水銀
公害問題により消え去った電池
2-8
優れた性能を持っていた水銀電池
水銀電池（酸化水銀電池）は、国内では1955 年から製造スタートし、
国内生産は、アルカリ乾電池よりも早い時期に始まりました。水銀電池は
放電電圧が長時間一定しており、電気容量もアルカリ乾電池の約2.5 倍あ
り、長持ちするという特徴がありました。特にボタン形のものがよく補聴
器用に使用され、その他カメラや腕時計にも使われていました（図2-17）。
しかし1980 年代に、廃棄された電池からの水銀の危険性が指摘される
ようになり、ついに1995 年には国内では製造中止となりました。そのた
め補聴器用は空気亜鉛電池などに、腕時計や一部の海外製のカメラでは酸
化銀電池（2-9）で代替されています。しかし水銀電池の公称電圧は
1.35Vであり、同じ公称電圧の電池が今のところ存在しません。どうして
も水銀電池が必要な場合は、今でも輸入品の水銀電池や電圧変換機能付き
のアダプターなどが使用されています。
いい仕事をしていた水銀
水銀電池の構造は、アルカリ乾電池の二酸化マンガンの代わりに酸化第
二水銀が用いられているものに相当します（図2-18）。よく使われていた
ボタン形は、負極活物質に亜鉛粉末と水銀の合金、正極活物質に酸化第二
水銀、電解質に水酸化カリウム水溶液が使われています。
正極での酸化第二水銀が還元反応により、常温で液体の金属水銀となっ
て電極から浮遊して電流の流れを助けるので、放電中に電極の劣化がほと
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