March 2023
Intermediate
240 pages
7h 3m
Japanese
Content preview from 図解まるわかり 電池のしくみ
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182
宇宙で活躍した燃料電池
アルカリ形燃料電池、アニオン交換型、水酸化物イオン
5-5
電気と水を宇宙へ
アルカリ形燃料電池（AFC）は、電解質に水酸化カリウムなどの強ア
ルカリ電解液を用いた燃料電池です。実用的な燃料電池の中では、最も古
い歴史を持ち、1932年にフランシス・トーマス・ベーコン（英）が開発
しました。最初は電解質に硫酸を使用しましたが、他の物質と反応しやす
いので、強アルカリが考案されました。当初からコストの問題があり、研
究開発は進みませんでした。
一方で構造が単純で、燃料電池の中で最も効率がよく、排出物が水だけ
であることから、1969年の人類発の月面着陸用アポロ11 号に搭載され、
その後スペースシャトルなど、宇宙空間で電気と水を供給しました。
水酸化物イオンが電解質を移動
アルカリ形燃料電池の電解質はアルカリ性ですから、水酸化物イオンが
あります。燃料極に水素を供給すると、電解質中の水酸化物イオンと反応
して水を生成し、電子を放出します（図5-12）。燃料極から放出された電
子は導線を通って、空気極に移動します。移動してきた電子が空気極に供
給された酸素と、水溶液中の水が反応して水酸化物イオンを生成します。
このように水酸化物イオンが電解質中を移動する燃料電池はアニオン交換
型と呼ばれます（図5-13）。全体の反応は、すべての燃料電池と同じです。
アニオン交換型は腐食の心配がないので、触媒に白金だけでなくニッケ
ル合金も使えてコストダウンできます。運転温度も50〜 150度と比較的
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I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.